Api Standard 2510 Pdf' title='Api Standard 2510 Pdf' />View and Download Mercury Outboard Motor service manual online. Stroke. Outboard Motor Outboard Motor pdf manual download. Although Visual Basic 6. UnicodeUTF16 it has several limitations Ships with ANSI only controls Label, Textbox, etc. Api Standard 2510 Pdf' title='Api Standard 2510 Pdf' />Heat of combustion Wikipedia. The calorific value is the total energy released as heat when a substance undergoes complete combustion with oxygen under standard conditions. The chemical reaction is typically a hydrocarbon or other organic molecule reacting with oxygen to form carbon dioxide and water and release heat. It may be expressed with the quantities energymole of fuel k. Jmolenergymass of fuelenergyvolume of the fuel. The calorific value is conventionally measured with a bomb calorimeter. It may also be calculated as the difference between the heat of formation Hof of the products and reactants though this approach is purely empirical since most heats of formation are calculated from measured heats of combustion. For a fuel of composition Cc. Hh. Oo. Nn, the magnitude of the heat of combustion is 4. Jmol c 0. 3 h 0. The calorific value of all organic compounds has the sign corresponding to an exothermic reaction negative in the standard chemical convention because the double bond in molecular oxygen is much weaker than other double bonds or pairs of single bonds, particularly those in the combustion products carbon dioxide and water conversion of the weak bonds in O2 to the stronger bonds in CO2 and H2. O releases energy as heat. The heating value or energy value or calorific value of a substance, usually a fuel or food see food energy, is the amount of heat released during the combustion of a specified amount of it. The energy value is a characteristic for each substance. It is measured in units of energy per unit of the substance, usually mass, such as k. Jkg, k. Jmol, kcalkg, Btulb. L2ba3U5Gyx4Rp5KH.large' alt='Api Standard 2510 Pdf' title='Api Standard 2510 Pdf' />Heating value is commonly determined by use of a bomb calorimeter. Heating value unit conversions MJkg x 2. Btulb x 2. 3. 26 k. Jkg. Btulb x 0. The heat of combustion for fuels is expressed as the HHV, LHV, or GHV. Higher heating valueeditThe quantity known as higher heating value HHV or gross energy or upper heating value or gross calorific value GCV or higher calorific value HCV is determined by bringing all the products of combustion back to the original pre combustion temperature, and in particular condensing any vapor produced. Such measurements often use a standard temperature of 1. C 5. 9 F 2. 88 Kcitation needed. This is the same as the thermodynamic heat of combustion since the enthalpy change for the reaction assumes a common temperature of the compounds before and after combustion, in which case the water produced by combustion is condensed to a liquid, hence yielding its latent heat of vaporization. Mechanical systems such as gas fired boilers used for space heat are suited for the purpose of capturing the HHV as the heat delivered is at temperatures below 1. C 3. 02 F 4. 23 K yet usable in space heating. Lower heating valueeditThe quantity known as lower heating value LHV net calorific value NCV or lower calorific value LCV is determined by subtracting the heat of vaporization of the water from the higher heating value. This treats any H2. O formed as a vapor. The energy required to vaporize the water therefore is not released as heat. LHV calculations assume that the water component of a combustion process is in vapor state at the end of combustion, as opposed to the higher heating value HHV a. CV which assumes that all of the water in a combustion process is in a liquid state after a combustion process. The LHV assumes that the latent heat of vaporization of water in the fuel and the reaction products is not recovered. It is useful in comparing fuels where condensation of the combustion products is impractical, or heat at a temperature below 1. C 3. 02 F cannot be put to use. The above is but one definition of lower heating value adopted by the American Petroleum Institute API and uses a reference temperature of 6. F 1. 6 C 2. 89 K. Another definition, used by Gas Processors Suppliers Association GPSA and originally used by API data collected for API research project 4. API research project 4. C. GPSA currently uses 6. F, minus the enthalpy of the stoichiometricoxygen O2 at the reference temperature, minus the heat of vaporization of the vapor content of the combustion products. The distinction between the two is that this second definition assumes that the combustion products are all returned to the reference temperature and the heat content from the condensing vapor is considered not to be useful. This is more easily calculated from the higher heating value than when using the preceding definition and will in fact give a slightly different answer. Gross heating valueeditGross heating value see AR accounts for water in the exhaust leaving as vapor, and includes liquid water in the fuel prior to combustion. This value is important for fuels like wood or coal, which will usually contain some amount of water prior to burning. Measuring heating valueseditThe higher heating value is experimentally determined in a bomb calorimeter. The combustion of a stoichiometric mixture of fuel and oxidizer e. C 7. 7 F is initiated by an ignition device and the reactions allowed to complete. Install Microsoft Adpcm Audio Codec. When hydrogen and oxygen react during combustion, water vapor is produced. The vessel and its contents are then cooled to the original 2. C and the higher heating value is determined as the heat released between identical initial and final temperatures. When the lower heating value LHV is determined, cooling is stopped at 1. C and the reaction heat is only partially recovered. The limit of 1. 50 C is based on acid gas dew point. Note Higher heating value HHV is calculated with the product of water being in liquid form while lower heating value LHV is calculated with the product of water being in vapor form. Relation between heating valueseditThe difference between the two heating values depends on the chemical composition of the fuel. In the case of pure carbon or carbon monoxide, the two heating values are almost identical, the difference being the sensible heat content of carbon dioxide between 1. C and 2. 5 C sensible heat exchange causes a change of temperature. In contrast, latent heat is added or subtracted for phase transitions at constant temperature. Examples heat of vaporization or heat of fusion. For hydrogen the difference is much more significant as it includes the sensible heat of water vapor between 1. C and 1. 00 C, the latent heat of condensation at 1. C, and the sensible heat of the condensed water between 1. C and 2. 5 C. All in all, the higher heating value of hydrogen is 1. MJkg vs. 1. 20 MJkg. For hydrocarbons the difference depends on the hydrogen content of the fuel. For gasoline and diesel the higher heating value exceeds the lower heating value by about 1. A common method of relating HHV to LHV is HHVLHVHvn. H2. O,outnfuel,indisplaystyle mathrm HHV mathrm LHV Hmathrm v leftfrac nmathrm H2O,out nmathrm fuel,in rightwhere Hv is the heat of vaporization of water, n. H2. O,out is the moles of water vaporized and nfuel,in is the number of moles of fuel combusted. Camstudio Lossless Codec V1 4. Most applications that burn fuel produce water vapor, which is unused and thus wastes its heat content. In such applications, the lower heating value must be used to give a benchmark for the process. However, for true energy calculations in some specific cases, the higher heating value is correct.